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sábado, 30 de enero de 2021

 

THE AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM OF SECRETARY OF STATE ANTONY BLINKEN

26 Jan 2021

KEVIN GOSZTOLA

https://shadowproof.com/2021/01/26/american-exceptionalism-secretary-of-state-antony-blinken/

“American leadership still matters. The reality is the world simply does not organize itself,” Secretary of State Antony Blinken proclaimed at his confirmation hearing. “When we are not engaged, when we are not leading, then one of two things are likely to happen. Either some other country tries to take our place but not in a way that is likely to advance our interests and values, or maybe, just as bad, no one does, and then you have chaos.”

Much like President Joe Biden, Blinken is a neoliberal Democrat who believes in the doctrine of “Manifest Destiny.” He thinks if the United States does not impose its will and shape the world then there will be no law and order. He cannot fathom how countries could survive on their own. At least, that is how he argues for greater American intervention in global regions.

Blinken was confirmed as secretary of state in a vote on January 26. Not a single Democrat in the Senate voted against Blinken.

He is a longtime ally of Biden, and during Biden’s first term as vice president, he was his national security adviser.

During President Barack Obama’s second term, Blinken was deputy secretary of state. He was also a part of President Bill Clinton’s National Security Council from 1994 to 2001.

Making Venezuela’s ‘Regime Enablers’ Finally, Feel The Pain Of Sanctions

Blinken’s predecessor Mike Pompeo, a right-wing Christian reconstructionist, was involved in President Donald Trump administration’s failed regime-change operation against Nicolas Maduro’s government in Venezuela. Yet, despite its failure, Blinken told Republican Senator Marco Rubio thought the Biden administration should keep recognizing Juan Guaido as the one and only true “leader.”

“We need an effective policy that can restore democracy to Venezuela, free and fair elections,” Blinken declared. He even embraced sanctions, despite the fact that they have hampered the country’s ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Venezuelans.

“Maybe we need to look at how we more effectively target the sanctions that we have so that regime enablers finally feel the pain of those sanctions,” Blinken added.

However, a report [PDF] from the Congressional Research Service (CRS) dated January 22, 2021, indicates the sanctions by both the Obama and Trump administrations were targeted pretty well and imposed to inflict “pain” against 113 Venezuelans and 13 entities.

…President Maduro, his wife, Cecilia Flores, and son, Nicolás Maduro Guerra; Executive Vice President Delcy Rodriguez; Diosdado Cabello (Socialist party president); eight supreme court judges; the leaders of Venezuela’s army, national guard, and national police; governors; the director of the central bank; and the foreign minister…

Trump imposed sanctions to prohibit Venezuela from participating in U.S. financial markets and block the government’s ability to issue digital currency. Treasury Department officials prohibited corporations from purchasing Venezuelan debt. Venezuela’s state oil company, PdVSA, was aggressively targeted for seeking to evade U.S. sanctions and Venezuela’s central bank was sanctioned too.

Blinken Defends Being Wrong On War In Libya

Obama floated the War Powers Act and launched a war in Libya against Muammar Gaddafi’s regime without the approval of Congress. It created a power vacuum filled by extremist militia groups and transformed the country into a failed state. Migrants are captured and sold in what the United Nations has referred to as “open slave markets.”

Despite the catastrophe sparked by war, Blinken defended his support for a regime change war. “I think it’s been written about. I — I was the president-elect’s national security adviser at the time. And he did not agree with that course of action.”

Biden was opposed to the war in Libya. “My question was, okay, tell me what happens? [Gaddafi’s] gone. What happens? Doesn’t the country disintegrate? What happens then? Doesn’t it become a place where it becomes a petri dish for the growth of extremism? Tell me. Tell me what we’re gonna do.”

Rather than concede President Biden was right and he was wrong, Blinken signaled to Senate Republicans that he would be their hawk when Biden was too dovish.

Blinken bafflingly blamed Gaddafi, who was summarily executed, for what happened in Libya after his death.

“We didn’t fully appreciate the fact that one of the things Gaddafi had done over the years was to make sure that there was no possible rival to his power. And as a result, there was no effective bureaucracy, no effective administration in Libya with which to work when he was gone,” Blinken argued.

The Bothsidesism Of Blinken’s View Toward War In Yemen

Sarah Lazare recalled for In These Times the horrors unleashed on the people of Yemen, as a result of the Obama administration’s support for Saudi Arabia’s war against the Houthis.

“The coalition bombed a center for the blind, a funeral, a wedding, a factory and countless homes and residential areas, and blockaded Yemen’s ports, cutting off vital food and medical shipments — all while the Obama-Biden administration was in power,” Lazare wrote.

“Indeed, the Obama White House was so complicit in war crimes in Yemen in that its own State Department internally warned key U.S. military personnel could be subject to war crimes prosecution, according to a Reuters investigation published in October 2016. By July 2015, a United Nations official was already warning that Yemen was on the verge of a famine, a premonition that horrifically came true.”

One of Pompeo’s final actions was to sanction Houthis, which caused a disruption to aid groups delivering humanitarian assistance. Biden froze the sanctions for one month the same day the Senate confirmed Blinken.

Asked about the intense humanitarian crisis in Yemen, Blinken drew a false equivalency between the actions of the Houthis and the Saudis.

“We need to be clear-eyed about the Houthis. They overthrew a government in Yemen. They engaged in a path of aggression through the country. They directed aggression toward Saudi Arabia,” Blinken contended. “They’ve committed atrocities and human rights abuses and that is a fact. What’s also a fact though is that the Saudi-led campaign in Yemen to push back against

the Houthi aggression has contributed to what is, by most accounts, the worst humanitarian situation that we face anywhere in the world.”

The Houthis were part of the Arab Spring uprising in Yemen against the corrupt government of Ali Abdullah Saleh. State Department officials generally backed these rebellions against autocratic rulers.

According to a 2017 post from Bruce Riedel of the Brookings Institution, “American intelligence officials said that Iran was actually trying to discourage the Houthis from seizing Sanaa and openly toppling Hadi. Iran preferred a less radical course, but the Houthi leadership was drunk with success. Moreover, Undersecretary of Defense Michael Vickers said on the record in January that Washington had a productive informal intelligence relationship with the Houthis against al-Qaida. He suggested that the cooperation could continue.”

The Obama administration, which included Blinken, did not want to jeopardize a 70-year-plus alliance with Saudi Arabia and backed the monarchy’s intervention.

Very Much’ Supporting U.S. Arms Shipments To Ukraine

Blinken expressed his support for arming Ukrainian groups a total of three times. He even reminded Republican Senator Ron Johnson had the opportunity in 2018 to write an op-ed for the New York Times promoting what senators euphemistically describe as “lethal defensive assistance.”

He told Republican Senator Rob Portman, “I very much support the continued provision to Ukraine of lethal defensive assistance and, and indeed, of the training program as well.”

“To the extent that across a couple of administrations, we’ve been able to effectively train and as well as assist in different ways the Ukrainians, that has made a material difference in their ability to withstand the aggression they’ve been on the receiving end of from Russia,” Blinken asserted.

It is difficult to gauge whether the policy has been effective or helped Ukrainians withstand battles with pro-Russian separatist groups. There is not a whole lot of reporting.

But Lieutenant General Ben Hodges, who was the commander of the U.S. Army in Europe, stated in 2015, “If the U.S. policy changed to provide, say, Javelins, for example, that would probably lead to increased lethality on the battlefield for the Ukrainians. It would not change the situation strategically in a positive way, because the Russians would double down. They would dramatically increase more violence, more death, more destruction.”

“The conflict in Ukraine’s mostly Russian-speaking industrial east, called Donbas, erupted in April 2014, weeks after Russia’s annexation of the Crimean Peninsula,” according to the Associated Press. “More than 14,000 people have been killed in fighting between Ukrainian forces and Russia-backed separatists.”

Professor Stephen Cohen called attention to the role of neo-Nazi forces in Ukraine. The overthrow of Viktor Yanukovych was a “violent coup” led by fascist conspirators opposed to Russia. They conducted exterminations of ethnic Russians. The Azov Battalion, part of Kyiv’s armed forces, is pro-Nazi and was banned from receiving U.S. military aid, but it almost certainly obtained weapons shipped by the Trump administration from the black market.

“We are left then not with Putin’s responsibility for the resurgence of fascism in a major European country but with America’s shame, and possible indelible stain, on its historical reputation for tolerating it, even if only through silence,” Cohen concluded.

US Return To Iran Nuclear Deal Not Happening Soon

It was the United States under Trump that ditched the Iran nuclear deal, not Iran. Still, it is the Biden’s administration position that Iran should first “comply” with the U.S. demands before the U.S. rejoins the deal.

“If Iran returns to compliance with the JCPOA [nuclear deal], we would do the same thing and then use that as a platform working with our allies and partners to build longer and stronger agreements — also capture some of the other issues that need to be dealt with, with regard to missiles, with regard to Iran’s activities and destabilizing activities in the region,” Blinken said.

“There is a lot that Iran will need to do to come back into compliance. We would then have to evaluate whether it actually [did] so. So, I don’t think that’s anything that’s happening tomorrow or the next day.”

Meanwhile, as CBS News described in November, Iran has endured a “harrowing, sanctions-fueled coronavirus catastrophe.”

Doctors experience shortages of every supply necessary for fighting the pandemic. “U.S.-led sanctions have choked off Iran’s access to foreign-made chemicals and equipment.”

Iran has begged Biden to lift sanctions that prevent Iran from accessing COVID-19 vaccines.

***

Melodramatically, Senator Marco Rubio feverishly asked Blinken has any doubt that the Chinese Communist Party’s goal is to be the “world’s predominant political, geopolitical, military, and economic power and for the United States to decline in relation.”

“I do not,” Blinken replied.

“You have no doubt?” Rubio chimed.

“I have no doubt,” Blinken restated.

From Obama to Trump, U.S. empire has prepared its forces for what it calls “great power competition” between China and Russia. It fears China will take the place of the U.S., leading to one of Blinken’s nightmare futures.

Much of the public is wary of military interventions in the Middle East. The threat of terrorism is no longer enough to justify expenditures toward an ever-gargantuan military-industrial complex. Countering China, however, is an easier sell.

“Forcing men, women, and children into concentration camps, trying to, in effect, reeducate them to be adherents to the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, all of that speaks to an effort to commit genocide,” Blinken remarked.

Human rights abuses under Biden will increasingly be weaponized to defend policies and operations that ramp up tensions with China. Whether descriptions of China’s acts are accurate or not, the point will be to silence anyone who questions whether the violations are enough to warrant increased conflict. (Of course, how dare anyone raise the matter of U.S. deportation camps and their horrors or America’s mass incarceration of 1–2 million people to point out any sort of hypocrisy.)

After the House of Representatives voted to arm so-called rebel groups in Syria in 2014, MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough asked Blinken about concerns that arms “could end up in the wrong hands.” Blinken brushed aside concerns and maintained the U.S. would vet and give arms to “the right people.”

In March 2016, the Los Angeles Times reported “CIA-armed units and Pentagon-armed [militias had] repeatedly shot at each other while maneuvering through contested territory on the northern outskirts of Aleppo” in Syria.

Blinken may not be rapture ready like his predecessor, Mike Pompeo. He may be more willing to wave the LGBTQIA+ rainbow flag when arming proxy forces or backing regime change operations. However, they are both devout believers in American exceptionalism.

He views Biden as a president who will put the “globe back on its axis” after Trump. He will spend his time at the State Department working to “restore democracy” and “renew” America’s “leadership” in the world. This means Blinken will continue the many callous, cold, and calculating traditions of U.S. imperialism, promote hubris over humility and commit himself to cloak ignoble acts in the rhetoric of human rights.

 

viernes, 29 de enero de 2021

 

Why 'resetting' US-Russia relations face insurmountable challenges?

By Gao Fei and Yu You Published: Jan 28

https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1214295.shtml

US President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin held their first conversation Tuesday in a phone call that underscored troubled relations. Media reports noted that the readouts from the two capitals emphasized different elements, while the two sides expressed a desire to do no harm but also no urgency to repair existing damage in bilateral ties.

There will be many obstacles in the process of any future reset between the US and Russia. 

First of all, both countries have fundamentally different views about the international order. The US seeks to maintain its global hegemony, and Russia is an advocate of multipolarity. As the two powerful military powers in the world, each perceives its own security dilemma, which makes it difficult for both sides not to view each other as threats. 

Under such circumstances, it will be difficult to ease tensions between the two countries. The game between the two in the sphere of strategic security will not stop, nor will their overall competitive posture diminish. This can be seen in matters ranging from the Syrian crisis to the Iranian nuclear issue.

Second, Russia has been considered a major threat by the US. US diplomatic elites have treated Russia as the world's most threatening country to US national interests from the Cold War era to the present. 

Regarding geopolitics and ideology, from Washington's perspective, Russia is a geopolitical opponent that seeks to undermine the international status of the US, as well as its democratic beliefs and liberal values. Since 2016, US Democrats have criticized Russia for meddling in the US elections, and the "Russiagate" investigation was led by the Democratic Party. Thus, the new Democratic administration is not expected to suddenly improve relations with Russia.

Third, the improvement of US-Russia relations has been hampered by the European factor. For historical reasons, some Eastern European countries hold strong anti-Russia attitudes. The US has also often used Russia to sow dissension between the "new" and "old" Europe to maintain its influence in the continent. 

In the past four years, the Trump administration has supported Brexit, imposed heavier tariffs, and pressured US allies to spend more on defense. These measures have seriously weakened relations between Europe and the US. 

With Biden in office, the US will focus on repairing relations with its European allies. Using the "Russia threat" as a strategy can bridge the differences between the US and Europe, but it will also pose obstacles to the improvement of US-Russia relations.

Over the last two decades, US-Russia relations have gone through ups and downs, and they have been "reset" several times. The Trump administration had tried to encourage the improvement of the bilateral relations. However, the reality is that bilateral relations did not get better, but both countries engaged in more intense competition in the spheres of military, diplomacy, and security. US-Russia relations are difficult to reset mainly because of the inherent structural contradictions that cannot be reconciled in the short term. 

Moreover, when dealing with foreign affairs, the US has always adhered to the Cold War mentality and the principle of a zero-sum game. It has followed the rule of confrontation and checks and balances only, making it more difficult to improve its relations with other countries.

Today, the systematic foundations for maintaining international security and stability between the US and Russia are in a precarious situation. The ABM Treaty and the INF Treaty, two of the three major arms control treaties signed by the two countries to maintain the stability of the international arms control and disarmament systems, have already expired; the two countries have "agreed in principle" to extend the START nuclear treaty by five years following the phone call between Biden and Putin.

Following the US withdrawal from the Open Skies Treaty in November 2020, Russia said in mid-January that it will also withdraw from this treaty. The vicious competition between Washington and Moscow is seriously affecting global strategic stability.

The stability of US-Russia relations has great significance for world peace and development. Only by upholding the principle of mutual respect and win-win cooperation can countries achieve peaceful coexistence with others.

Gao Fei is vice president and a professor of China Foreign Affairs University. Yu You is a scholar at the Renmin University of China. opinion@globaltimes.com.cn

miércoles, 27 de enero de 2021

 

Trump's Unpardonable Pardons

Another disgraceful performance from “Israel’s president”

PHILIP GIRALDI • JANUARY 26, 2021

https://www.unz.com/pgiraldi/trumps-unpardonable-pardons/

One keeps hearing that former President Donald Trump will be judged well by the history books because he was the only American head of state in recent memory who did not start any new wars. Well, the claim is itself questionable as Jimmy Carter, for all his faults, managed to avoid entering into any new armed conflict, and Trump can hardly be described as a president who eschewed throwing his weight around, both literally and figuratively. He attacked Syria on two occasions based on fabricated intelligence assassinated an Iranian general, withdrew from several arms and proliferation agreements, and has been waging economic warfare against Iran, Syria, Venezuela, and Iraq. He has sanctioned individuals and organizations in both China and Russia and has declared Iranian government components and Yemeni Houthi rebels to be terrorists. He has occupied Syria’s oil-producing region to “protect it from terrorists” and has generally exerted “maximum pressure” against his “enemies” in the Middle East. So no, Donald Trump is no antiwar activist. But Trump’s most pervasive foreign policy initiatives have involved Israel, encouraging the Jewish state’s attacks on Palestinian, Iranian, Lebanese and Syrian targets with impunity, killing thousands of civilians on his watch. Trump has given Israel everything it could possibly ask for, with no consideration for what the U.S. interests might actually be. The only thing he did not do for the Jewish state was to attack and destroy Iran, and even there, reports suggest that he sought to do just that in the waning days of his administration but was talked out of it by his cabinet. 

Trump’s pander to Israel started out with withdrawing from the nuclear monitoring agreement with Iran, followed by his shutting down the Palestinian offices in the United States, halting U.S. contributions for Palestinian humanitarian relief, moving the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the Syrian Golan Heights, giving a green light for Israel to do whatever it wishes on the formerly Palestinian West Bank, and, finally permitting paroled former Israeli spy Jonathan Pollard to go “home” to Israel where he received a hero’s welcome. Trump, to be sure, was aided in his disloyalty to his own country by the former bankruptcy lawyer Ambassador David Friedman in place in Israel, an ardent Zionist and a cheerleader for whatever atrocities Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu decided to commit. Couple that with a Congress that gives billions of dollars to Israel annually while bleating that the Jewish state has a “right to defend itself” and a media that self-censors all the human rights violations and war crimes that Netanyahu unleashes, and you have a perfect love fest for Israel expressed daily throughout the United States. But even given all that, Trump the panderer clearly wanted to give one last gift to Israel, and he saved it for his last day in office when he issued more than 140 pardons and commutations. Though other presidents have issued controversial pardons, no other head of state has so abused the clemency authority to benefit not only friends and acquaintances but also celebrity defendants including rappers, some advocated by the likes of the Kardashians, and also those promoted by monied interests.

Most of the pardons went to cronies and to supplicants who were willing to pay in cash or in-kind to be set free. It was suggested that Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner was engaged in the selection process and money was often a key element. Some might describe that as corruption. Those of us in the actual antiwar plus the anti-surveillance-state movement had been hoping that Trump would actually do something good at no cost to himself, pardoning whistleblowers Edward Snowden, John Kiriakou, Reality Winner, and Chelsea Manning as well as journalist Julian Assange. Kiriakou has reported that when he petitioned for a pardon through one of Trump's lawyer Rudi Giuliani’s aides, he was told that such an arrangement would cost $2 million. Bribes for pardons aside, it would have cost Trump nothing to pardon the whistleblowers and it would be a vindication of those who had put themselves at risk to attack the machinations of the Deep State, which Trump had blamed for the coordinated attacks against himself. This was his relatively cost-free chance to get revenge. Admittedly, there is speculation that Senator Mitch McConnell may have warned Trump against pardoning Julian Assange in particular, threatening to come up with enough GOP votes to convict him in his upcoming impeachment trial if he were to do so. Be that as it may, not a single whistleblower was pardoned though there was room on the ship for plenty of heinous white-collar criminals. Former Dr. Salomon Melgen, for example, had his sentence commuted. Melgen, a close friend of the seriously corrupt Senator from New Jersey Robert Menendez got into trouble in 2009 when the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) discovered that he had overbilled Medicare for $8.9 million for a drug called Lucentis. Two years later Melgen’s business was hit with an $11 million lien from the IRS and four years after that he was charged and convicted over more than 76 counts of health care fraud and making false statements.

Some of those pardoned had Jewish organizations going to bat for them. Elliott Broidy, former finance chair of the Republican National Committee, had no less than five Rabbis vouching for him. Last year Broidy had pleaded guilty to acting as an “unregistered foreign agent,” part of a larger investigation into the Malaysian “1MDB Scandal” in which Prime Minister Najib Razak stole more than $700 million dollars from his country’s state-run 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB). Broidy worked on behalf of Razak and was offered $75 million if he could get the U.S. Justice Department to drop its own investigation into the scandal. Another clemency beneficiary who exploited his Jewish links were Philip Esformes, a former nursing home executive who executed one of the biggest Medicare frauds in U.S. history. Just days after being released after serving four years of his 20-year sentence, Esformes celebrated his daughter’s wedding in a lavish party held at his multi-million dollar Florida home. He benefited from a lobbying campaign by the Hasidic Chabad-Lubavitch Aleph Institute, a group advised by the ubiquitous former Trump lawyer Alan Dershowitz.

The movement reportedly has connections to Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner. Another person pardoned by Trump was Sholam Weiss, a Hasidic businessman from New York who was sentenced to more than 800 years in prison in 2000 for racketeering, wire fraud, and money laundering connected to a huge fraud scheme that stole $125 million from the National Heritage Life Insurance Company, leading to its bankruptcy. He fled the country but was subsequently arrested in Austria and extradited to the United States. Weiss had reportedly received the endorsement of from Dershowitz, who also recently has been involved in the Jeffrey Epstein/Ghislaine Maxwell espionage case. And, of course, there was also the Israel factor. For no plausible reason whatsoever and contrary to actual American interests, Trump gave a full pardon to Aviem Sella, a seventy-five-year-old former Israeli Air Force officer, who was indicted in the U.S. in 1987 for espionage in relation to the Jonathan Pollard spy case. Sella fled to Israel days before Pollard was arrested outside the Israeli embassy in Washington D.C. and the Israeli government refused to extradite him. Sella, at the time doing a degree course at New York University, was Pollard’s initial contact. He had started working part-time for the Mossad intelligence agency in the early 1980s and received some of the classified top-secret documents provided by Pollard in exchange for money and jewelry. Sella had passed on the Pollard contact to Mossad’s agent handler Rafi Eitan, who continued to “run” Pollard until he was arrested. Sella’s indictment was essentially meaningless theater, as is generally true of nearly all Israeli spy cases in the U.S., as Tel Aviv refused to extradite him to the United States and the Justice Department made no attempt to arrest him when he was traveling outside Israel. Trump’s pardon for Sella as a favor to Netanyahu sends yet another signal that Israel can spy against the U.S. with impunity.

The request to Trump for clemency came from the Israeli government itself and was reportedly endorsed by Netanyahu, Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer, the United States Ambassador to Israel David Friedman, and Miriam Adelson. According to the White House statement on the pardon, “The state of Israel has issued what a full and unequivocal apology, and has requested the pardon in order to close this unfortunate chapter in U.S.-Israel relations.”Was it a gift or merely a pander? Note particularly the inclusion of David Friedman, who as U.S. Ambassador to Israel is supposed to defend the interests of the United States but never does so. Once upon a time, it was considered a potential conflict of interest to send a Jewish Ambassador to Israel. Now it seems to be a requirement and the Ambassador is apparently supposed to be an advocate for Israel as part of his or her mission. Friedman will no doubt be replaced by a Democratic version to deliver more of the same. And then there is Miriam Adelson. Good old Sheldon is hardly cold on the ground and his wife has taken up the mantle of manipulating players in Washington on behalf of the Jewish state. Money talks and so the drama in Washington continues to play out. Trump manages to make himself look even worse with his last round of pardons and commutations on his ultimate day in office. No one who deserved clemency got it and a lot of well-connected rogues who were willing to fork over money in exchange for mercy benefited. Business as usual delivered by the so-called Leader of the Free World.

Philip M. Giraldi, Ph.D., is Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest, a 501(c)3 tax-deductible educational foundation (Federal ID Number #52-1739023) that seeks a more interests-based U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Website is https://councilforthenationalinterest.org address is P.O. Box 2157, Purcellville VA 20134 and its email is inform@cnionline.org

 

martes, 26 de enero de 2021

 

Habitan México 126 millones 14 mil 24 personas, revela el censo 2020

Crece a menor ritmo la población y aumenta la edad promedio en el país

Estado de México, CDMX, Jalisco, Veracruz y Puebla, las entidades más populosas: Inegi

https://www.jornada.com.mx/2021/01/26/economia/018n1eco

Dora Villanueva

 

Periódico La Jornada
Martes 26 de enero de 2021, p. 18

Hasta el año pasado había 126 millones 14 mil 24 habitantes en México, según el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. Es, así, el undécimo país más poblado del mundo y entre sus residentes poco más de la mitad, 51.2 por ciento, son mujeres y 48.8 por ciento hombres, de acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (Inegi).

En la década pasada la población creció al menor ritmo en un siglo, a una tasa de 1.2 por ciento; cayó la fecundidad, dado que el promedio de hijas e hijos nacidos vivos de mujeres de 12 años en adelante fue de 2.1 durante 2020, respecto al 2.3 de 2010, y la población es cada vez de mayor edad. Hay más de 15 millones de personas por arriba de 60 años y la mediana de edad es de 29 años, cuando una década atrás era de 26 y de 22 años en 2000.

Se está estrechando la base de la pirámide (de población). Como producto del envejecimiento que ocurre en el país, ahora hay proporcionalmente menos personas jóvenes y más de edades mayores. En 2000, 61 por ciento de la población tenía menos de 30 años y ahora este grupo de la población es de 50 por ciento. En el otro extremo, los mayores de 60 eran 7 por ciento y ya para 2020 exceden 12 por ciento de la población, expuso en conferencia de prensa Julio Santaella, presidente del Inegi.

Subrayó que este envejecimiento de la población no es el mismo en todo el territorio. Chiapas es el estado con la población más joven, con una mediana de 24 años; mientras, la Ciudad de México es la entidad con la mayor mediana de edad, de 35 años.

Hasta el momento, la población mayor de 12 años en adelante con participación económica es de 62 por ciento; por arriba de 52.6 por ciento de 2010; entre los hombres alcanza 75.8 por ciento y entre mujeres 49 por ciento, agregó al presentar los datos del Censo 2020.

Aumenta la escolaridad

Gabriel Badillo, miembro del Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, explicó en entrevista que estos datos no modifican en gran medida las proyecciones que se tenían sobre el crecimiento de la población. Se prevé que en 2050 se sumen al país 25 millones de habitantes.

Destacó que se ha desacelerado la tasa de fecundidad debido a varios factores, uno es el mayor acceso de las mujeres a la educación. Sobre el llamado bono demográfico se prevé que a partir de 2030 comenzará a revertirse, aún con ello todavía se estiman condiciones favorables hasta 2050, cuando la mayor parte de la población estará en condiciones de trabajar. El tema que tenemos es la problemática de las condiciones laborales, recalcó.

El Inegi también identificó en el Censo un aumento en la escolaridad promedio durante los pasados diez años, pasó de 8.6 a 9.7 años en la población general e impactó en el cierre de la brecha de género. En 2010, los hombres estudiaban en promedio 8.8 años y las mujeres 8.5; en 2020, estos son datos fueron de 9.8 y 9.6 respectivamente. En general, 4.7 por ciento de la población es analfabeta, menos de 6.9 por ciento de una década atrás.

Inegi mostró que las entidades con mayor población son estado de México (16 millones 992 mil), Ciudad de México (9 millones 209 mil), Jalisco (8 millones 348 mil), Veracruz (8 millones 62 mil) y Puebla (6 millones 583 mil). Mientras Colima, Baja California Sur, Campeche, sumaron cada uno menos de un millón de habitantes.

El organismo también captó cómo se han comportado los flujos de migración del exterior hacia el país y entre sus estados. El año pasado se identificaron un millón 212 mil 252 personas que nacieron fuera del país, respecto de las 961 mil 121 en 2010. La mayoría de ellas proveniente de Estados Unidos (797 mil 266), Guatemala (56 mil 810) y Venezuela (52 mil 948).

A la par, el saldo migratorio neto, es decir, la relación entre las personas que emigran y migran de un estado a otro en México, exhibió que Quintana Roo es el estado que más personas recibe; mientras Guerrero, Tabasco y Veracruz son los que más población expulsan. Edgar Vielma, director general de estadísticas sociodemográficas en el organismo, explicó que son varios los factores; puede ser la violencia, la falta de trabajo y por ejemplo en la Ciudad de México –el cuarto estado con más emigrantes– los sismos.

Por otro lado, si bien el Inegi identificó 35 millones 219 mil viviendas en el país, también se reportó que hay 5 mil 700 personas en situación de calle. Alrededor de mil 200 en la Ciudad de México y también grupos amplios de esta población se encuentran en Tijuana y Guadalajara.

En las viviendas habitadas hay un menor grado de hacinamiento; mientras en 2000 vivían 4.4 personas en promedio por vivienda, en 2020 son 3.6 personas. También se han reducido las condiciones de precariedad en los hogares, pero hasta el año pasado, 3.5 por ciento de los hogares en México tenían pisos de tierra, y la misma proporción no tenía acceso a agua entubada, mientras 4.3 por ciento no contaban con drenaje.

Pese a la pandemia, México fue de los pocos países en completar el levantamiento del censo y el primero en reportar resultados, añadió Edgar Vielma.